General Microbiology. Biochemical Test and Identification of Serratia marcescens. Many strains appear to have lost the ability to produce it at all. Harshey Rasika M. “Bees aren't the only ones : swarming in Gram-negative bacteria.” Molecular Microbiology (1994) 13(3), 389-394. It was discovered in 1819 by Bartolomeo Bizio in Padua, Italy. Belgic, Sanela and Elizabeth A. Worobec. © Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1992. pp. A single Serratia marcescens bacterium can swim with the use of its flagellum [17]. [34][35], Serratia marcescens. Until the 1950s, S. marcescens was erroneously believed to be a nonpathogenic "saprophyte",[7] and its reddish coloration was used in school experiments to track infections. S. marcescens may also be found in environments such as dirt, supposedly "sterile" places[citation needed], and the subgingival biofilm of teeth. The colonies were pigmented only at room temperature or about 25 degrees Celsius. Cappuccino, James and Natalie Sherman. "casein." 26. Serratia marcescens is short and rod shaped. ... Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens Morganella morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae Providencia stuartii and Serratia liquefaciens. "R Factor Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Serratia marcescens. 9 Nov. 2008. It is a facultative anaerobe that can grow in the presence and absence of oxygen at temperatures between 30°C and 37°C. [26][27] (That the simulant bacteria caused these infections and death has never been conclusively established.) Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall made of a single layer of peptidoglycan that is enclosed by an outer membrane. Rinsing and drying surfaces after use can also prevent the establishment of the bacterium by removing its food source and making the environment less hospitable. Prodigiosin can trigger a body’s immune system (antibodies and T cells), so it is possible that Serratia marcescens living in a human body will limit prodigiosin synthesis and hence escape detection by the host’s immune system. 6. “Serratia marcescens.” Wikipedia.org. About Organism: Show All Tests : Show Unique Test Hierarchy: Description of values of test status. It is commonly found in soil, water, plants and animals. [18][19], Because of its red pigmentation, caused by expression of the pigment prodigiosin,[20] and its ability to grow on bread, S. marcescens has been evoked as a naturalistic explanation of medieval accounts of the "miraculous" appearance of blood on the Corporal of Bolsena. 11. This study also demonstrated that drug resistance was far more prevalent in Serratia than in any other commonly isolated member of the Enterobacteriaceae. ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. pp.146,151,165. "Characterization of the Serratia marcescens SdeCDE multidrug efflux pump studied via gene knockout mutagenesis". . Gelatin hydrolysis transforms the protein to individual amino acids and causes it to liquefy in cold conditions (under 25 °C) when it would otherwise be solid [4]. Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms. One recent study suggests that Serratia marcescensost3 produces a novel prodigiosin called MAMPDM ((2,2'-[3-methoxy-1'amyl-5'-methyl-4-(1"-pyrryl)]dipyrrylmethene))that may have an important impact on cancer treatment. Before strip reading, the indole reaction was revealed by the addition of one drop of James reagent. 1 July 1976 p 123-127. It has been found, however, that polyquaternium-1 (a biocide used commercially in a contact lens disinfecting solution) is active against the cytoplasmic membrane of Serratia marcescens [6]. Biochemical Test and Identification of Serratia marcescens Since 1950, S. marcescens has steadily increased as a cause of human infection, with many strains resistant to multiple antibiotics. Serratia marcescens is motile and travels by several different means. After speaking the words of consecration, blood began to drip from the consecrated Host onto his hands and the altar [1]. “Serratia Marcescens.” MicrobLog.com. Nitrate tests are positive since nitrate is generally used as the final electron acceptor rather than oxygen [4]. Serratia marcescens can also form a biofilm (complex structure made of secreted mucilaginous matrixto form a protective coating in which they are encased [2]). In the laboratory, the samples are poured onto grown S. marscecens lawns and incubated. Once established, complete eradication of the organism is often difficult, but can be accomplished by application of a bleach-based disinfectant. The indole test is a component of the IMViC series of tests, which is used for differentiating the Enterobacteriaceae. Biochemical Test and Identification of Serratia marcescens. [33], Because of its ability to be grown on agar plates into even, well coloured lawns, and the existence of a phage specific to S. marscecens, it has been used to trace water flows in Karst limestone systems. One of the afflicted patients, Edward J. Nevin, died. Currently 14 species ofSerratia are recognized within the genus, eight of which are associated with human infection (67). It is not exactly known why this is, but it is hypothesized that it is a tightly regulated gene product. Indole production is detected by Kovac’s or Ehrlich’s reagent which contains 4 (p)-dimethylamino benzaldehyde, this reacts with indole to produce a red … Though they have been developed and used to kill pseudomonas, they have also proven effective against Serratia marcescens [10] and other closely related Gram negative bacteria. . This microorganism is a common agent responsible for contamination of Petri plates in laboratories, and is also found to grow on bread [22]. , 4. As a whole, the SIM test is primarily useful for differentiating Salmonella and Shigella. [4] S. marcescens is commonly involved in hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), particularly catheter-associated bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections,[5][6] and is responsible for 1.4% of HAI cases in the United States. © 1997 by Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. Shapiro, James and Martin Dworkin. [10], In humans, S. marcescens can cause an opportunistic infection in several sites,[12] including the urinary tract, respiratory tract, wounds,[7] and the eye, where it may cause conjunctivitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis, and tear duct infections. serratia marcescens as unknown were: the Indole Sim test, gelatin hydrolysis and sugar fermentation tests. SIM medium contains nutrients, iron, and sodium thiosulfate. There are many diseases that are associated with Serratia marcescens: sepsis, bacteremia, meningitis and cerebral abscesses, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, ocular infections, and endocarditis [10]. “Re: How and why did Serratia marcescens produce prodigiosin?” 5 June 2005. Further research into protein modification of nucleotide sequences would allow for improved expression of chitin producing genes, thus providing a protective mechanism for susceptible plants and fermentative bacteria against fungal infections (28). [8], S. marcescens is a motile organism and can grow in temperatures ranging from 5–40 °C and in pH levels ranging from 5 to 9. On 26 and 27 September 1950, the U.S. Navy conducted a secret experiment named "Operation Sea-Spray" in which balloons filled with S. marcescens were released and burst over urban areas of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. The mode of transmission of this microorganism is by either direct contact,or by catheters, droplets, saline irrigation solutions, and other solutions that are believed to be sterile [22]. [31] The heparin IV flush syringes had been found to be contaminated with S. marcescens, which resulted in patient infections. As a group they can swarm together on agar of lower concentrations (0 .5-0.8%) [8]. 88. "r factor." Negativeresults were seen with L-arginine dihydrolase, H2S, urea, and trypto-phane deaminase. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. The red color of the diaper can be mistaken for hematuria (blood in the urine), which may cause unnecessary investigations by the physicians. 2 Dec. 2008. It was discovered in 1819 by Bartolomeo Bizio in Padua, Italy. Serratia proteases have been shown to cause pneumonia in guinea pigs. "SmdAB, a Heterodimeric ABC-Type Multidrug Efflux Pump, in Serratia marcescens. The biochemical pathway for the production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens has been characterized by analyzing what intermediates become accumulated in specific mutants. [14] In silkworms, it can also cause a lethal disease, especially in association with other pathogens.[15]. 24 Oct. 2008. JAMA and Archives Journals. Due to this, and because S. marcescens produces a reddish-orange tripyrrole pigment called prodigiosin, it may cause staining of the teeth. Therefore, nitrate tests are positive since nitrate is generally used as the final electron acceptor rather than oxygen. 14. Another determination of S. marcescens is its capability to produce lactic acid by oxidative and fermentative metabolism. Spot Inoculation. No. The completed genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 5,113,802 bp containing a G+C content of 59.51% [21]. , 18. Serratia marcescens is a rare opportunistic bacterium that is categorized in the enterobateriaceae family commonly found in the environment. © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 13. It is a facultative anaerobe and an opportunistic pathogen. described DNA related species. Not only does S. marcescens have R-factors which encode genes for particular drug resistance, but it also contains sophisticated efflux pumps which further remove toxins that may be fatal to the microorganism. Serratia fonticola 3. Also, as mentioned in the cell structure, the LPS layer is attached to the outer membrane of the Gram negative bateria. It is differentiated from other Gram-negative bacteria by its ability to perform casein hydrolysis, which allows it to produce extracellular metalloproteinases which are believed to function in cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Cooksey Robert, Grace Thorne, Edmund Farrar. The method was claimed to be sensitive at very high dilutions because of the ability to detect single phage particles. Serratia odorifera 6. 2. It was not until later in the 1950’s that the US government experimented with the Serratia marcescens and the harmful affects that the bacteria causes were revealed. Primarily it uses fermentation as the means of gathering energy and has enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase or peroxides) that protect it from reactive oxygen species, allowing it to live in oxygenated environments. Thus, most infections are acquired exogenously. Disinfection This is a clinically relevant organism and is used as a standard organism in Hand Sanitizer testing. 91, 488, 19. Indole test is used to determine the ability of an organism to split amino acid tryptophan to form the compound indole. Bizio named the genus Serratia in honor of and Italian physicist named Serratia, and chose marcescens for the species name after the Latin word for decay [3]. Incubate the … It is largely unclear whether Serratia marcescens has bactericidial activity or if promotes changes in the physiology and morphology of Hp. Identification of a red-pigmented bacterium producing a potent anti-tumor N-alkylated prodigiosin as Serratia marcescens.. It is differentiated from other Gram-negative bacteria by its ability to perform casein hydrolysis, which allows it to produce extracellular metalloproteinaseswhich are believed to function in cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. 23. Growth On T- Soy agar. The red pigment production is not present in all strains but in those that it is present, it can resemble blood [10]. The release of LPS would over-stimulate the host defenses and cause them to undergo lethal endotoxic shock [16]. However,there was an increase in the number of pneumonia and urinary tract infections [1] reported in the region shortly after the experiment was conducted . Casein is a protein precipitated from milk that forms the basis of cheese and certain plastics [5]. [17], Professor Jim Burritt and his students at the University of Wisconsin-Stout have discovered a new strain of S. marcescens in bee blood (haemolymph) from hives decimated by winterkill. Some of the antibiotics have proven to be effective against Serratia marcescens are the antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics, which kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Serratia marcescens S. marcescens is a thin, motile (flagellated), non-septated, Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria that can grow in temperatures ranging from 5–40 °C and in pH levels ranging from 5 to 9. [22] Bizio named the organism four years later in honor of Serafino Serrati, a physicist who developed an early steamboat; the epithet marcescens (Latin for "decaying") was chosen because of the pigment's rapid deterioration (Bizio's observations led him to believe that the organism decayed into a mucilage-like substance upon reaching maturity). [13] It is also a rare cause of endocarditis and osteomyelitis (particularly in people who use intravenous drugs recreationally), pneumonia, and meningitis. 5. [20] This event is celebrated in a fresco in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican City, painted by Raphael. The protein pores and transporters found in the envelope layers vary in selectivity [18]. 3. Serratia marcescens is well known for the red pigmentation it produces called prodigiosin. Serratia marcescens was first thought to be harmless (non-pathogenic). Further research is needed to isolate and characterize the inhibitory substances so that they may be used for Hp therapy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed growth of S. marcescens from several unopened syringes of this product. This event was depicted by Raphael on the walls of the Vatican [19]. Biology Educational Videos Table of Contents hide Biochemical Test of Serratia marcescens Fermentation of Enzymatic Reactions Biochemical Test of Serratia marcescens Basic Characteristics Properties (Serratia marcescens) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive (+ve) Citrate Positive (+ve) Flagella Positive (+ve) Gas Variable Gelatin Hydrolysis Positive … Yuko Tanaka, Junko Yuasa, Masahiro Baba, Taichiro Tanikawa, Yoji Nakagawa and Tohey Matsuyama. The biofilms produced are generally pathogenic in the body [2]. This test demonstrate the ability of certain bacteria to decompose the amino acid tryptophane to indole, which accumulates in the medium. S.marcescens contain these R-factors which are a specific types of plasmid carries one or more genes that that confers resistance to different types of antimicrobial agents.The contribution of R-factors to the resistance of Serratia to various drugs has been studied as far back as 1969[23]. The genome of the Serratia marcescens strain Db11 was sequenced by the Sanger Institute with the collaboaration of Dr.Jonathan Ewbank of the Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy. Hydrolysis of casein: a differential aid for the identification of Serratia marcescens. 16. [20] This followed celebration of a mass at Bolsena in 1263, led by a Bohemian priest who had doubts concerning transubstantiation, or the turning of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ during the mass. Serratia marcescens is a species of rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae.A human pathogen, S. marcescens is involved in hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), particularly catheter-associated bacteremia, urinary tract infections and wound infections, and is responsible for 1.4% of HAI cases in the United States. The automatic reading uses the ATB Expression instrument; the reader records the color of each tube and transmits the data to the computer. Houghton Mifflin Company. . One glucosamine is then attached to a core polysaccharide that extends to the O polysaccharides[18]. Retrieved from, Aryal, S. (2018, June 23). Another type of multidrug efflux pump found in this microorganism is an ABC-type efflux pump called SmdAB. Serratia marcescens has the reproducible capability to break down casein producing a clearing on milk agar plates. "Serratia marcescens." [29] The bacterium was also combined with phenol and an anthrax simulant and sprayed across south Dorset by US and UK military scientists as part of the DICE trials which ran from 1971 to 1975.[30]. This study found that out of 22 multiple resistant strians, 21 were able to transfer some form of their resistance to others. For example, Serratia marcescens has been identified as the most common organism found in both corneal scrapings and contact lenses [9]. It is positive for decarboxylase, which is the removal of a carboxyl group from an amino acid, producing an amine and carbon dioxide. The bacteria can produce prodigiosin, a pigment color that ranges from lights pink to dark red. Serratia marcescens was first thought to be … Slonczewski, Joan and John Foster. Due to its ability to produce red pigmentation, it was first used in 1906 as a marker in order to trace bacterial activity or transmission [4]. Edited by Irina Mashenko and Abrehet Tesfamicael students of M Glogowski at Loyola University 1- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC87738/, From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biofilm, http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2005-06/1117999360.Mi.r.html, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/casein, http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/serratia.htm, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/serratia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia_marcescens, http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/microbes/serratia.html, http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_marcescens/, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=syh&AN25320763&site=ehost-live, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC87738/, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Serratia_marcescens&oldid=57810, Pages edited by students of Mary Glogowski at Loyola University. Touch a colony of the organism under test with a loop and inoculate it onto a small area of the DNase test agar plate, in the middle of one of the marked sections to form a thick plaque of growth 5-10 mm in diameter after incubation. The Gram stain was started first and left for air dry. Nevin's son and grandson lost a lawsuit they brought against the government between 1981 and 1983, on the grounds that the government is immune,[28] and that the chance that the sprayed bacteria caused Nevin's death was minute. Volume 46. p. 903-912. knowledge. Taira Matsuo, Jing Chen, Yusuke Minato, Wakano Ogawa, Tohru Mizushima, Teruo Kuroda, and Tomofusa Tsuchiya. < http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/microbes/serratia.html>. It was discovered in 1819 by Bartolomeo Bizio in Padua, Italy. 10 December 2008 . Microb. The former functions with a broad substrate specificity and the latter consists of a membrane fusion proteins (MFP)and two different RND transporters (SdeD and SdeE)[24]. Once considered a harmless saprophyte, Serratia marcescensis now recognized as an important opportunistic pathogen combining a propensity for healthcare-associated infection and antimicrobial resistance. Rev Chil Paediatr. Acid was produced from D-glucose (no gas), D-mannitol, inositol, D-sorbitol, L-rhamnose, sucrose, melibiose, amygdalin, and arabinose. Retrieved from, Bergey's Manuals of Determinative Bacteriology, by John G. Holt, 9th ed. 12. Due to the wide range of diseases Serratia marcescens causes, there is not one determining symptom or source of origin. Due to its abundant presence in the environment, and its preference for damp conditions, S. marcescens is commonly found growing in bathrooms (especially on tile grout, shower corners, toilet water lines, and basins), where it manifests as a pink, pink-orange, or orange discoloration and slimy film feeding off phosphorus-containing materials or fatty substances such as soap and shampoo residue. "Inhibitory effects of various micro-organisms on the growth of Heliobacter pylori. [3]. [25] Cases of pneumonia in San Francisco also increased after S. marcescens was released. Journal of Bacteriology, Jan.2008 p.648-654. Bacteria (Domain); Proteobacteria (Phylum); Gamma Proteobacteria (Class); Enterobacteriales (Order); Enterobacteriaceae (Family); Serratia (Genus). © 1999 Comm Tech Lab, Michigan State Univeristy. Microbiology: a Laboratory Manuel. [23] Serratia was later renamed Monas prodigiosus and Bacillus prodigiosus before Bizio's original name was restored in the 1920s.[22]. ScienceDaily 13 September 2007. Prodigiosin is made up of three pyrrole rings [15] and is not produced at 37°C, but at temperatures below 30°C [20]. It was also found that not only did the R-factors mediate drug resistance to the strains that were once susceptible to certain drugs, but it further conferred additional resistance to drugs which the strains were already previously resistant to [23]. “Serratia Marcescens Bacteria.” serratia-marcescens.org. Random House, Inc. 03 Dec. 2008. Upon examining several different species and bacteria strains, Serratia marcescens strain NCTC 10211 revealed striking inhibition zones when inoculated with different Hp strains.The components and/or mechanism involved in inhibition of Hp proliferation are still not well understood. 9. Princeton University. The professor states that S. marcescens sicaria "may contribute to the wintertime failure of honey bee colonies". Specifically, SdeXY was the first multidrug efflux pump belonging to the RND (Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division)family found in S.marcescens. Serratia marcescens is known to associate with and colonize the digestive tract of a broad range of insects, but can be found as a potential or facultative pathogen (Bucher, 1963) with a lethal dose that kills 50% of a test insect population (LD 50) of just a few cells per insect once in the hemocoel (Slatten and Larson, 1967; Podgwaite and Cosenza, 1976; Tan et al., 2006). The ID 32E system requires incubation at 37°C for 24 h under aerobic conditions. 1. [21], S. marcescens was discovered in 1819 by Venetian pharmacist Bartolomeo Bizio, as the cause of an episode of blood-red discoloration of polenta in the city of Padua. . The outer membrane has lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are a special kind of phospholipid composed of fatty acids that are attached to a glucosamine phosphate dimer. During the mass, the Eucharist appeared to bleed and each time the priest wiped away the blood, more would appear. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 15 January 1994. p. 217, The Red Diaper Syndrome. Several such enzymes have been shown to have the ability to degrade chitin, a substance which mainly comprises fungal cell walls (28). In research laboratories employing Drosophila fruit flies, infection of them with S. marcescens is common. Although Serratia marcescens was classified as a human pathogen in the 1960s, scientist still used it as a bacterial tracer well into the 1970s [10]. Serratia marcescens: Serratia odorifera biogroup1: Serratia odorifera biogroup2: Serratia plymuthica: Serratia proteamaculans: Serratia rubidaea: Proteus: Providencia: Morganella: Serratia liquefaciens. There are other biochemical tests that help to identify Serratia marcescens in the lab. The SdeY gene is found to be a member of the RND family, while the SdeX is a member of the membrane fusion proteins. Also Know, is Serratia marcescens indole positive or negative? It is resistant to many antibiotics traditionally used to treat bacterial infections, such as penicillin and ampicillin [9]. Hejazi, A.,and Falkiner, F. R. “Serratia marcescens” Journal of Medical Microbiology, 1997. Serratia strains are motile, rarely ferment lactose, and produce an extracellular DNase. 10. 19 Nov. 2008. 21. http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_marcescens/, 22. http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/microbes/serratia.html. [6][7] Most S. marcescens strains are resistant to several antibiotics because of the presence of R-factors, which are a type of plasmid that carry one or more genes that encode resistance; all are considered intrinsically resistant to ampicillin, macrolides, and first-generation cephalosporins (such as cephalexin). 1960 Jul;31:335-9, Bizio's original report was translated into English in 1924, and published in the, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Serratia_marcescens, "The biosynthesis and regulation of bacterial prodiginines", https://microbiologyinfo.com/biochemical-test-and-identification-of-serratia-marcescens/, "Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Serratia spp". Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen that cause nosocomial infections. Optimally, Serratia marcescens grows at 37°C, but it can grow in temperatures that range from 5–40°C. Procedure The five organisms being tested were Serratia marcescens Dl, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Path., 1972, 25, 1083-1085. During the Cold War, it was used as a simulant in biological warfare testing by the U.S. military,[24] which studied it in field tests as a substitute for the tularemia bacterium, which was being weaponized at the time. They came to the conclusion that Serratia marcescensost3 may in one time be used as a source to develop an anti-cancer compound [26]. Simurda, Maryanne. TEST RESULTS. Serratia marcescens. 1. amh10. © 1996-2006 by WebMD , 8. These chitinolytic enzymes could have possible industrial and agricultural uses such as the introduction of these genes for chitin degrading enzymes into crops as well as fermentative bacteria (28). is Serratia marcescens. The outer membrane also serves as a means to regulate the uptake of nutrients and the exclusion of toxins. [16], S. marcescens causes cucurbit yellow vine disease, leading to sometimes serious losses in melon fields. It is negative for the methyl red test due to their production of 2, 3 - butanediol and ethanol, but positive for the Voges-Proskauer test, which shows an organism’s ability to convert pyruvate to acetoin [4]. R Krausse, K. Piening, U. Ullman. . When performing a Kovac indole test, the substrate must contain: Indole Tryptophan Ornithine Paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde. “Department of Biology Faculty and Research.” 9 Nov. 2008. This and the fact that Serratia marcescens typically grows on bread and communion wafers stored in moist places, has led scientists to suggest Serratia contamination as a possible explanation for transubstantiation miracles (the conversion of bread to the body and blood of Christ). Another study suggests that Serratia marcescens strain NCTC 10211 may serve as a probiotic in inhibiting the growth of H.pylori, the causative agent of stomach ulcers [27]. [4] In identifying the organism, one may also perform a methyl red test, which determines if a microorganism performs mixed-acid fermentation. Serratia marcescens 5. The result of the indole production test was negative, because the added Kovac’s reagent was not colored red. (2011, April). The blood culture is positive after 5 days, and the organism has the following characteristics: Gram stain small, gram-negative coccobacilli. Schlegel, Hans. [6], In elkhorn coral, S. marcescens is the cause of the disease known as white pox disease. Different media were labeled with the name of the organism and students’ initials. Of the eight species implicated in clinic… Serratia marcescens is a motile,short rod-shaped, Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe bacterium, classified as an opportunistic pathogen. "biofilm." Serratia rubidaea Bizio named the genus Serratia in honor of and Italian physicist named Serratia, and chose marcescens for the species name after the Latin word for decay . Since this bacterium is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow in either the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or in the absence …
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