is mexico a fragmented state

And the once feared Zetas are now a shadow of their former selves after fragmenting into several splinter cells. While this has removed the heads of these organizations, it’s also created a more fragmented and violent criminal landscape. of arresting or killing the country’s top criminal leaders. Along with the militias, the Mexican government is struggling to sustain its armed forces. We encourage readers to copy and distribute our work for non-commercial purposes, with attribution to InSight Crime in the byline and links to the original at both the top and bottom of the article. E) Size of the state is very small compared to others A. She discussed Obrador’s platform in a 2018 Foreign Affairs article, critiquing Obrador and specifically focusing on the problematic reality of Mexico’s lack of ability to adequately fund its programs, much less its military. Kleptocracy creates an environment that economically incentivizes farmers to support illegal economies and allows these farmers to fall victim to the cartels. A.. Known for: A border state located on Mexico’s Gulf coast, Tamaulipas has long been defined by its proximity to the United States. (Jane Rosenberg). The warning indicates a lack of stability and control on the government’s part in the region. Author: Marco Just Quiles Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3658257946 Size: 72.65 MB Format: PDF Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 344 View: 1499 Get Book. Stratfor disputes this claim, arguing the number of weapons in the figure were those submitted by Mexican authorities to the ATF and successfully traced. are becoming highly lucrative for smaller groups that don’t necessarily have the resources to handle large-scale drug smuggling. c. the Mississippi River. a. Namibia b. Somalia c. Madagascar d. Gabon e. Tanzania. Cartels use tactics like narcobloqueos of stealing 18 wheelers and stopping them on streets to create traffic jams and undermine civic trust. Her suggestion targets Obrador’s platform of amnesty for non-violent cartel members. Please help spread the word to new readers by sharing it on social media. Governmental powers are divided constitutionally between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, but, when Mexico was under one-party rule in the 20th century, the … Its murder rate in 2015 was one-third of what it is now. A landlocked state is any state whose territorial boundaries do not touch an ocean, gulf, or bay. The drug war in Mexico is escalating, and it is creating a spillover effect in the United States. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development defines a fragile state as one that is “unable or unwilling to perform the functions necessary for poverty reduction, the promotion of development, protection of the population and the observance of human rights.” In 2009, U.S. Joint Forces Command released a statement expressing concerns over Mexico, highlighting the potential even then for a total collapse. Which of the following states fit the morphology description of a fragmented state? Sixteen states and the federal capital, Washington, D.C. are considered to be singly landlocked given that one must travel through only one other U.S. state, Mexican state, … President Barack Obama meets President Felipe Calderón in 2009. The CJNG — itself a splinter group of the Sinaloa Cartel that formed around 2010 — is confronting a breakaway faction, the, , on its home turf in Guadalajara. The spillover effect is hurting both the United States and Mexico. Makes communication difficult. Vanda Felbab-Brown is a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and the author of Narco Noir: Mexico’s Cartels, Cops, and Corruption. Wanton violence may be bad for the drug business as it attracts unwanted attention, but small groups battling rivals have a strong incentive to use it. Krishnan Guru-Murthy, a British journalist for Channel 4 News, traveled to Cancun to discuss the current state of Mexico’s drug war. At least nine municipalities in … The gradual comprehensive collapse of order in Mexico is unlikely to reverse even with the recent election of Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Fragmented States . The increasingly fragmented nature of Mexico’s criminal landscape is likely to be one of the most pressing security challenges for President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, as emerging groups that lack organization delve into more violent criminal activities and become harder to follow. Wild poinsettias occur from Mexico to southern Guatemala, growing on mid-elevation, Pacific-facing slopes. Part of his report showcased the cartel’s ability to murder with near impunity farmers who resisted. The crisis is so devastating that it even prompted three former heads of state in Latin America, including Mexico's former president Ernesto Zedillo, to issue a … Book Description: Marco Just Quiles offers new perspectives on how domestic and external factors interact to shape variations in local state capacity. In August 2018, the State Department released a do-not-travel warning for five of the thirty-two Mexican states. See more. Use caution in areas outside of the frequented tourist areas, although petty crime occurs frequently in tourist areas as well. We go into the field to interview, report and investigate. For example, the arrest and extradition of former Sinaloa Cartel leader Joaquín Guzmán Loera, alias “El Chapo,” led to fracturing within the cartel and further exacerbated an increase in violence nationwide. The police did not resist as they were ordered to present documentation, weapon serial numbers, and a reason for movement. Fox News reported that by 2012 over 56,000 soldiers deserted. Wanton violence may be bad for the drug business as it attracts unwanted attention, but small groups battling rivals have a strong incentive to use it. Mexico state (Estado de Mexico) – Reconsider Travel. that breaks drastically from those of his predecessors, the splintering of criminal groups will continue and violence in Mexico will likely keep rising. Using the above map, which African country is the most fragmented state? Assistant Secretary Brownfield, representing the State Department’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, noted in a 2017 teleconference that an estimate of 90-94% of all “heroin consumed in the U.S. comes from Mexico.” While 90% of cocaine samples seized in the U.S. in 2015 originated from Columbia, the cartels smuggle them through Mexico to the U.S. The Mexican military leadership’s lack of control over the behavior of their forces indicates an erosion in the chain of command and the respect for their Code of Military Justice, and it suggests further corruption. b. the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico is a federal republic composed of 31 states and the Federal District. MEXICO CITY — On a working visit here, I have dinner with one of the country’s elder statesmen and listen to him describe its greatest challenges. There are no restrictions on travel for U.S government employees. Get fresh updates on organized crime from across the region delivered to your inbox. e. While some militias work with their communities and achieve some level of peace, others act with more questionable methods. Even tax administration is affected, and a 2014 Reuter’s report states that Mexico has one of the weakest tax revenues in the 34-nation Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. “We’ve seen an evolution in cartel operations where they’ve seen a benefit to operating in a less hierarchical way,” said Brian Phillips, an associate professor at the University of Essex and an expert on organized crime. The United States needs to take a hard look at Mexico and treat it as a growing security threat. Stuart Ramsay, a correspondent for Sky News, traveled to Mexico to report on Mexico’s continuing drug war. Evolving criminal dynamics and increased fragmentation in Mexico come with serious security challenges. And the once feared Zetas are now. Fragmented definition, reduced to fragments. The opioid epidemic is part of the drug war in Mexico, where violence spills over. The United States should continue to treat Mexico as a welcome economic partner but accept that Mexico is a fragile state, and thus a serious security risk. Mexican cartels provide financial incentives for members of Mexico’s armed forces to defect, a symptom of the Mexican military's weak state. The figure did not include the total number of weapons seized. The inability of the police to combat this form of terror explains why farmers tend not to resist. Both violent and non-violent crime are common throughout Mexico state. Fragmented is an adjective that describes things that have been reduced or divided into fragments—pieces that have been broken off of or detached from the whole.. Fragment most commonly refers to a part that has broken off rather than one that has been separated gently or intentionally, like fragments of a broken vase … It is one of the chief economic and political forces in Latin America, with a dynamic industrial base, vast mineral resources, a wide-ranging service sector, and the world’s largest population of Spanish speakers. Barbaric killings, amputations, ruthless extortion: The alarming rise of Mexico's Jalisco New Generation The bloodletting and fight for control near the U.S. border is slated to only worsen Instead, it would increase violence in the region, shaking Obrador’s and Mexico’s ability to rise above this further disintegrating environment. Decades of sophisticated and brutal violence is an established deterrent against idealistic change. Instead of cracking down on these abuses, President Nieto expanded military participation in policing. The most extensive database on organized crime in the Americas. While drugs flow into the U.S. from Mexico, illegal arms are trafficked back into Mexico, fueling the violence. CNN reported that from 2002 to 2016 the number of heroin users increased from 404,000 to 948,000, a 135% increase. According to the U.S. Department of State, Mexico exceeded 34,500 intentional homicides in 2019 for a national rate of 29 per 100,000.4 Thus, for each of the most recent three years, records were set and then eclipsed. For years, authorities in Mexico and the United States have advanced the “kingpin strategy” of arresting or killing the country’s top criminal leaders. To some degree, criminal groups may be doomed to break up after they reach a certain size, evidenced by the downfall of the once-mighty and feared Zetas. These turf wars have contributed to a 23 percent jump in Mexico’s homicide rate, from 17 murders per 100,000 people in 2015 to 21 murders per 100,000 people in 2016. Alexander Grinberg is an officer in the U.S. Army. D) Perforated. The head of the electricity monopoly, also owned by the state, is an 82-year-old veteran of the dirtiest politics practiced in Mexico in the 1980’s, a man who lacks any knowledge of electricity – and who cannot touch US soil because of his alleged participation in various crimes, including the murder of a prominent journalist. In a 2016 Al Jazeera report, journalists recorded militias who patrolled towns and even stopped Mexican police at gunpoint. C) Mexico. For example, she highlights President Nieto’s Social Prevention of Violence and Delinquency program, with its limited success. One law requires coverage by a fire protection district for every property not served by a municipal fire department. B) Prorupt. The states of Mexico are first-level administrative territorial entities of the country of Mexico, which officially is named United Mexican States.There are 32 federal entities in Mexico (31 states and the capital, Mexico City, as a separate entity without being formally a state). Hide and Seek: How Drug Traffickers Get Creative at Sea, Colombia Report Triples Number of Known False Positives Victims, Madrid Dismantles Contract Killing, Money Laundering Network, FARC Victims Claim Compensation from Venezuelan State Oil Company, Drugs, Porous Borders, Politics and Crime in Honduras, Guatemala’s Los Huistas Continue to Build Influence Network, Mexican Politicians Swap Accusations of Zetas Funding. A more fragmented criminal landscape is also more violent. “The lines of communication, interactions between group members and their relations with the state are all pointing in different directions,” Eduardo Moncada, a political science professor at Barnard College, told InSight Crime. Mexico, country of southern North America and the third largest country in Latin America. The cartels successfully recruit from the military, specifically even finding recruits from Mexican special forces communities. The state police have since said they will provide escorts for astronomers and telescope personnel. PBS interviewed local reporters in Cancun and a former police officer, learning the cartels would offer payments of $26,000 compared to the soldier’s $600 salary. While the large, hierarchical criminal groups of the past focused largely on drug trafficking, other crimes like extortion. The rise of militias and Mexico’s inability to make gains in securing territory against the cartels suggest the Mexican government is no longer in control over parts of its country. February 4, 2019. Obrador’s counter-cartel policy platform of amnesty, as well as his aspirations for a military reformation, will only embolden the cartels. Fragmentation has come to define Mexico’s criminal landscape as the days of monolithic drug cartel structures have ended, leaving behind smaller, more volatile criminal groups that have taken up other violent activities. D) South Africa. A) Compact. The CJNG — itself a splinter group of the Sinaloa Cartel that formed around 2010 — is confronting a breakaway faction, the Nueva Plaza Cartel, on its home turf in Guadalajara. This person needs to be able to work in a fast-paced world of daily news, high-profile investigations, national and international…. All of the landlocked states in the U.S. are situated in the contiguous 48 states on the North American mainland. Max Weber theorized on the state’s monopoly on legitimate violence as a fundamental tenet of the modern state, and militias challenge this legitimacy—they degrade the state’s ability to maintain order, and they disrupt the basis of a social contract between the state and its society. d. the Rocky Mountains. C) Elongated. Even though Mexico is a country with corrupt institutions (and a pressing security burden that causes major problems such as violence and underdevelopment), to label the country as a “failed state” is likely a tad extreme at this juncture, even though American University’s Manuel Suárez-Mier has recently contended that Mexico has indeed earned that unfortunate description. The Mexican Revolution was followed by the Great Depression, which led to a severely fragmented society and very weak institutions. Homicides in Mexico have been rising since 2014. In 2018, homicides in Mexico rose above 33,000 for a national rate of 27 per 100,000 people. Many other states are still considered dangerous, and the U.S. State Department has advised American tourists caution if not total reconsideration. Fragmentation: The Violent Tailspin of Mexico’s Dominant Cartels, For example, the arrest and extradition of former Sinaloa Cartel leader Joaquín Guzmán Loera, alias “El Chapo,” led to, within the cartel and further exacerbated an increase in violence nationwide. Mexico is a failed state with guerilla bands controlling much of the countryside and several of the larger low-income neighborhoods in Mexico City. Also, these underpaid officers were poorly trained and equipped, some to a point where an officer carried only six rounds of ammunition. Prevalence by race/ethnicity: Disparities by race/ethnicity remain. One of the reasons Mexico cannot gain ground over the cartels is because its military is deteriorating through ineffective leadership. Contain several discontinuous pieces of territory. The article also reported the cartels were waging a propaganda war against the military. Homicides in Mexico have been rising since 2014. A 2009 report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office noted that approximately 87% of firearms seized in Mexico over the past five years could be traced back to the United States. A December 2018 New York Times article covering the trial of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán’s trial discussed various testimonies in the courtroom that highlighted Mexican corruption at very high levels of office. Header Image: Protest in Mexico City (EPA), Tagged: Mexico, Failed State, Narcotics, Cartel, Civil-Military Relations, Biotechnology and Human Augmentation: Issues for National Security Practitioners. However, as he just took office, it is important to wait and see what he and his cabinet will pursue and the effectiveness of their policies. While this has removed the heads of these organizations, it’s also created a more fragmented and violent criminal landscape. U.S. Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo meets with Mexican President-elect Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador in Mexico City, Mexico on July 13, 2018. A 2008 USA Today article noted that from January to September 2007 4,956 soldiers deserted, approximately 2.5% of the force. The militias are, in part, a result of widespread corruption as well as the Mexican military’s deterioration. their former selves after fragmenting into several splinter cells. In the latest congressional budget bill, President Trump demanded $5.7 billion for a wall along the United States-Mexico border. “These organizations today are less stable, their structures don’t really give any incentive to members for long-term participation, it doesn’t give them any reason to remain loyal,” said Cecilia Farfán-Méndez, a researcher at the University of California at San Diego’s Center for US-Mexican studies. One might consider the growth of local militias within Mexico’s rural areas as a way forward, but they are dangerous and indicate the Mexican government cannot defend its citizens. Unfortunately, that success was not expanded, as the program’s funding ran out by 2016. Gang in Mexico Offers ‘Drug Menu’ Via Encrypted WhatsApp, Strategic Communications Manager Job Description, InSight Crime Events – Border Crime: The Northern Triangle and Tri-Border Area, InSight Crime’s ‘Memo Fantasma’ Investigation Wins Simón Bolívar National Journalism Prize, InSight Crime – From Uncovering Organized Crime to Finding What Works. This controversy was the reason Trump’s State of the Union Address was delayed from its original January 29 date. A 2016 World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report noted bribery and corruption could increase business costs in Mexico by 10%. The system is divided into three levels, each with its individual specifications, meant to cover the entirety of the population as much as possible. Poor farmers are unlikely to follow Obrador’s deal as the cartel will likely kill those who desert their ranks. For years, authorities in Mexico and the United States have advanced the “. Mr. Guzman’s testimony supported other reports of widespread corruption throughout Mexico’s government at both state and federal levels. The power dynamic continues to shift where the state continues to lose any monopoly on the legitimate use of force, and there's a real possibility that Mexico can fail as a state and one that is on the United States’ border. We have revamped the site to create a better display and reader experience. The authors have found that Mexican organized crime groups have become more fragmented, decentralized, and diversified in their activities. Speaking of separation, we also have fragmented states. To complicate matters further, alliances can shift quickly, posing further challenges to tracking and ultimately curtailing the strength of such groups. Welcome to our new home page. B) Japan. A sketch of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán in Brooklyn federal court on Nov. 8, 2017. 2 types: those separated by water, and those separated by other countries. Farmers who do resist, typically through an ad hoc militia, add further chaos into an already unstable situation. Barr’s meeting in Mexico could be prelude to greater U.S. involvement against drug cartels. While the large, hierarchical criminal groups of the past focused largely on drug trafficking, other crimes like extortion, kidnapping and oil theft are becoming highly lucrative for smaller groups that don’t necessarily have the resources to handle large-scale drug smuggling. Follow the logo below, and you too can contribute to The Bridge: Enjoy what you just read? Mexico is a fragile state, and without action, faces the risk of becoming a failing, or worse, a failed state. 'Mexico is a conflict marked by the absence of ... increasingly fragmented cartels,” he said, with violence flaring as gangs try to clear areas of … Corruption in Mexico affects public services and industry, negatively impacting the economic well-being of its citizens. a state that has a panhandle, a region that juts out and away from the rest of the state like a finger or arm (panhandle or peninsular state)... Florida, Oklahoma, Namibia, India, Alaska, Idaho, Mexico... proruption tends to make governing harder Brown discusses targeting mid-level cartel leadership instead of the top leaders as a means of preventing violent successions of their rule. The aging of the state's population helps drive the increasing prevalence of diabetes. Have a response or an idea for your own article? Many of these deserters end up working for the cartels as trained hitmen who comprehend Mexican military tactics. In recent years, Mexico’s most dominant criminal organizations — The Sinaloa Cartel, Jalisco Cartel New Generation (Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación – CJNG) and the Zetas — have either splintered or been threatened by smaller groups that are diversifying their criminal portfolios and using extreme violence to try and gain control of key swaths of territory. …. The views expressed in this article are the author's alone, and do not reflect those of the U.S. Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. in 2017, reaching a record level. Check the Creative Commons website for more details of how to share our work, and please send us an email if you use an article. These trained ex-soldiers understand how to circumvent Mexican patrols, and have a basic understanding of how to effectively engage conventional military forces. “More pressure [from authorities] has caused them to operate more under the radar with less clear command and control.”. ... but there is in fact a highly fragmented threat whose boundaries with the state are highly porous. Human Rights Watch reported that by 2016, the National Human Rights Commission received almost 10,000 complaints, and more than a 100 cases were considered as “serious human rights violations.” Of those abuses investigated from 2012 to 2016, only 3.2% reached a conviction. Wild poinsettia populations are highly fragmented, as their habitat is experiencing largely unregulated deforestation. In New Mexico, the population of individuals 55 and older has grown from 27% of all adults in 1990 to 39% of all adults in 2017, a 44% increase. More difficult for people in remote areas to integrate with rest of the state. Many of the interviewed farmers admitted that economic incentives to support a narco-economy, in conjunction with death threats, overruled legal crop farming. Reconsider travel due to crime. At the time, then-President Felipe Calderón responded to the report, stating it was entirely false; allegedly, he even wanted President Obama to release a statement to that effect. Fragmented. Accompanying this rise in violence has been a series of brazen and public murders of high-profile political and social leaders in Colima. A) Chile. Using Bolivia as a case, he applies quantitative and … Articles Healthcare in Mexico is available to everyone to some degree, but it is incredibly stratified. SEE ALSO: Sinaloa Cartel News and Profiles. Can encourage national integration when people migrate from sparsely populated Fragmentation: The Violent Tailspin of Mexico’s Dominant Cartels. One population in the Mexican state of Guerrero is much further inland, however, and is thought to be the ancestor of most cultivated populations. This type of shape can provide for efficiency in administration of a country. If López Obrador doesn’t embrace a security strategy that breaks drastically from those of his predecessors, the splintering of criminal groups will continue and violence in Mexico will likely keep rising. Organized crime-related homicides reached a. in 2018 as the number of homicides increased in 27 of the country’s 32 states, according to Animal Político. The smaller groups that have emerged as a result, however, lack clear power structures and are harder to track. SEE ALSO: Mexico News and Profile. The first indicator of the military’s breakdown is the deterioration of discipline where there is a growing number of unlawful killings and human rights violations. In the United States, the majority of the concern from the Mexican drug war focuses on its impact on the opioid epidemic, a growing topic in both countries. The Mexican government is in a prolonged state of civil war with various cartels, and the state is losing. Mexican militias operate outside of the law, and many create their own rules on how to protect their towns. Continuous gun battles and the failing military and police force raise concerns over Mexico’s stability as a state. This paper suggests that the problem with both policy proposals is that they neither adequately address nor combat the rampant established corrupt culture. A more fragmented criminal landscape is also more violent. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development defines a fragile state as one that is “unable or unwilling to perform the functions necessary for poverty reduction, the promotion of development, protection of the population … Mexico is a fragile state, and without action, faces the risk of becoming a failing, or worse, a failed state. The power dynamic changed. Evolving criminal dynamics and increased fragmentation in Mexico come with serious security challenges. Notably, violence in the Mexican state of Guanajuato appears to have risen due to the increased presence of the Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel and an increase in the prevalence of petroleum theft (huichicol). According to the report, “Crime, corruption and tax evasion drained $462 billion from Mexico’s economy in 2011, trailing only China and Russia.” Corrupted tax revenue creates a cyclical effect where the government cannot afford to pay for necessary services or even its military. (Department of State Photo/Wikimedia). Two of Mexico’s biggest political parties have been trading allegations of ties to drug cartels, hinting at the murky connections…, Mexican authorities have asserted that some of the most infamous drug cartels in the country picked up their violent tactics…, A drug gang in Mexico City is providing menus of its products and making deals via WhatsApp in a case…, InSight Crime is looking for a full-time strategic communications manager. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, the total economic burden for opioid misuse, often leading to heroin abuse, is $78.5 billion a year. Cartel leadership have the finances and the manpower to regroup even if they purge their ranks of individuals who might consider Obrador’s deal. He … Mexico’s military faces large numbers of desertions, while measures to provide security for its population continue to fail. White House Chief of Staff John Kelly warned on September 13 that Mexico could descend to Venezuela’s level as a borderline failed state. Demand in the United States for narcotics profit drug trafficking organizations and money is then laundered back to the cartels who use these funds to purchase weapons in order to take more territory or assert control in Mexico.

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