He said his ships would sail as pirates. Lafitte told Claiborne of the impending danger to New Orleans. Jean Laffite is also a character in the historical fiction novels, Lafitte's legend and treasure serve as the launching point for the novel. Jean Lafitte (ca. Omoa was the site of the largest Spanish fort in Central America, built to guard the Spanish silver shipments from the mines of Tegucigalpa to overseas destinations. The Mexican city of Dzilam de Bravo erected a monument in the spot believed to be Lafitte's lost grave, and legend has it his daughter started a line of blue-eyed Mexicans there. [49] He sent a message to the Americans that few of his men favored helping the British, but said he needed 15 days to review their offer. The smugglers wounded one of the officers and safely escaped with the contraband. The American warship which captured him turned Lafitte over to the local authorities, who promptly released him. [38] Following the reward offer, Lafitte wrote Claiborne a note denying the charges of piracy. The boys were given a basic Catholic education. Speculation about his life and death continues among historians. Lafitte's native language was clearly French, though the specific dialect is a matter of some debate. Within two days of his offer, handbills were posted all over New Orleans offering a similar award for the arrest of the governor. An extremely Robin Hood move. The government granted them all a full pardon on February 6.[65][66]. Around 1820, Lafitte reportedly married Madeline Regaud, possibly the widow or daughter of a French colonist who had died during an ill-fated expedition to Galveston. Lafitte worked with several smugglers, including Jim Bowie, to profit from the poorly written law. Many of the city's merchants were unhappy with this auction, because it allowed their customers to buy goods directly from Lafitte at a lower price than the merchants could charge. Officials tried to break up this auction by force, and in the ensuing gunfight, one of the revenue officers [39] was killed and two others were wounded. See more ideas about jean lafitte, pirates, galveston texas. [82] Lafitte's men buried some of the cargo on the island and ran the captured vessel aground, but an American patrol spotted the ship and after investigating, discovered the buried cargo. [21] In January 1813 they took their first prize, a Spanish hermaphrodite brig loaded with 77 slaves. He was evidently able to speak English reasonably well and most likely had a working knowledge of Spanish. The following day, Lafitte took command of the island and appointed his own officers. Located just 25 minutes from downtown New Orleans, Jean Lafitte Swamp Tours has been operating daily bayou tours since the 1980s. [84] Almost half of the combined crew refused to sail as pirates; Lafitte allowed them to leave aboard his largest ship, the brig General Victoria. [68] Two weeks into his stay, the two leaders of the revolutionaries left the island. and an infant son[who?]. By 1810, their new port had become very successful; the Lafittes had a profitable smuggling operation and also started to engage in piracy. As GoNOLA explains, Jean and Pierre Lafitte were raised by different branches of the family and were not reunited until they were adults when they met up in New Orleans. A grand jury indicted Pierre Lafitte after hearing testimony against him by one of the city's leading merchants. In Suzanne Johnson's urban fantasy series, In the 1960s and 70s a barefoot cartoon pirate named, Lafitte: the pirate of the Gulf – a book from 1836, This page was last edited on 21 January 2021, at 17:20. [37] The following month, the governor offered a $500 reward for Lafitte's capture. (Spain having become an ally of the British against the French.) His men burned the Maison Rouge, fortress and settlement. This has become the common spelling in the United States, including places named after him.[1]. Jerk move, Claiborne. Geography. But while the paper and signature of the journal may appear authentic, the Journal of Jean Lafitte is widely considered a hoax, if for no other reason than John A. Laflin was a known forger of historical documents. Galveston Island, being a sparsely populated island in the mouth of a bay in Texas, which at the time was itself a sparsely populated area under Mexican control, was an ideal location for pirates looking to operate outside the purview of the US government that had hassled them so much in Louisiana. [63] On land and sea, the former pirate gunners earned praise as the battle continued. However, there might have been some cultural cachet and even legal benefit at the time to claim one was from France, and many claim he was actually from Saint-Domingue, or what we now call Haiti. [36], In October, a revenue officer prepared an ambush of a band of Lafitte's smugglers. The corsairs aimed the artillery at the Karankawa, killing most of the men in the tribe. He tried without success to betray fugitive Napoleonic generals to the Spanish and schemed with American special agents to reconnoiter the Texas coast. He and his elder brother, Pierre, spelled their last name Laffite, but English-language documents of the time used "Lafitte", and this is the commonly seen spelling in the United States, including for places named for him. Workers would reload goods into smaller batches onto pirogues or barges for transport through the bayous to New Orleans. Discover New Orleans’ rich cultural mix. [75] Lafitte interviewed all newcomers and required them to take an oath of loyalty to him. According to the story, Louisiana Governor William C. C. Claiborne had had enough of the Lafittes' antics and put out a $500 reward for the capture of the beloved pirate. The British navy, presumably knowing of the Lafittes' less than amicable relationship with the Louisiana government, sought to gain the pirates' help in navigating the waterways of the bayou. And so they did the only natural thing: they started their own pirate colony just down the bayou in Barataria Bay. Located on Bourbon Street, it is believed Lafitte may have spent time there in his earlier years, using it to orchestrate the transfer of smuggled goods. Jean Lafitte's six sites are scattered across south Louisiana. [82] Two weeks after setting sail, they captured a Spanish ship, which they sent to Galveston, hoping the Longs would smuggle the goods to New Orleans. He refused to allow anyone else to see the original documents until 1969, when he sold them to a professional document dealer. As GoNOLA explains, there a number of locations in France where he could have been born–he and his brother said they were from Bayonne, while the possibly-forged Journal of Jean Lafitte says he was born in Bordeaux to a family of Sephardi Jews that ran to France from Spain after the Inquisition. [19], Dissatisfied with their role as brokers, in October 1812 the Lafitte brothers purchased a schooner and hired a Captain Trey Cook to sail it. [57], In mid-December, Jackson met with Lafitte, who offered to serve if the US would pardon those of his men who agreed to defend the city. Ramsay believes that Lafitte died of a fever in 1826 or 1827 on, Ramsay believes the documents were written by Laflin's ancestor, Matthew Laflin (1803–1854), who may have convinced his descendants that he was Jean Lafitte. 1776 – ca. The law left several loopholes, giving permission to any ship to capture a slave ship, regardless of the country of origin. [86] The congressional delegation in Louisiana began to demand that the federal government do something to halt the smuggling, and more U.S. Navy ships were sent to the Gulf. Jean Lafitte: Walking the Thin Line Between Criminal and Hero. Lafitte attempted to take what appeared to be two Spanish merchant vessels on the night of February 4. Others formed three artillery companies. Wounded in the battle, Lafitte is believed to have died just after dawn on February 5. Laflin said he himself was a descendant of Jean Lafitte and had found the book in a trunk he had inherited. Let’s hope the ceremonies include some recognition of Jean Laffite, Pierre Laffite. [120] Laflin had been previously accused of forging letters from Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, and Davy Crockett. Nevertheless, the truth about the life of Jean Lafitte is shrouded in mystery, while myths, legends, hoaxes, and forgeries abound. [100], Ramsay compares the numerous legends related to the life and death of Lafitte to those about King Arthur and Robin Hood. He was accompanied by six gunboats and a tender. Since his previous pirate colony had been raided by the government and since he conveniently found himself in command of a completely different Gulf coast island, Jean Lafitte decided to pull up stakes and establish a new colony on Galveston Island. Rumors abounded that he had changed his name after leaving Galveston and disappeared, that he was killed by his own men shortly after leaving Galveston, or that he had rescued Napoleon and that both had died in Louisiana. (Ramsay (1996), pp. [81] He reportedly took immense amounts of treasure with him, and was accompanied by his mulatto mistress[who?] Other variations of the mystery say Lafitte buried the treasure in multiple locations along the Gulf Coast. During his lifetime he gathered significant and colorful fame, with many people thinking of him to be either hero (who fought for the independence of United States economy) or the notorious pirate. The Spanish ships were heavily armed privateers or warships and returned heavy fire. [7] Lafitte likely helped his brother to sell or trade the captured merchandise. His reading and writing abilities, therefore, remain unclear. He loaded up his favorite ship, the Pride, with all his loot, set fire to the Maison Rouge, and vanished from history, sailing roughly in the direction of Mexico. Jean Lafitte was born in Bordeaux, France or Santo Domingo which is modern day Haiti. Even though the governor of Louisiana responded to Jean Lafitte's warning of British invasion by raiding his pirate island, Lafitte still felt confident the United States would ultimately win the War of 1812 (and thought US taxmen would be easier to juke than the British navy), so he figured that continuing to pledge his loyalty to the US was the smartest move for his pirate business in the long run. Lafitte tried in vain to have his settlement recognized as a sovereign state, but trying to gain legitimacy for a hive of pirates turned out to be a lost cause. [67] By early 1817, other revolutionaries had begun to congregate at Galveston, hoping to make it their base to wrest Mexico from Spanish control. In his role as an agent of the Spanish secret service, Lafitte was sent to Galveston Island in Texas, which at the time was the home base of Louis-Michel Aury, a French pirate who was working as a Mexican revolutionary. [50], The US ordered an attack on Lafitte's colony. [44] McWilliam brought two letters in his packet for Lafitte: one, under the seal of King George III, offered Lafitte and his forces British citizenship and land grants in the British colonies in the Americas if they promised to assist in the naval fight against the United States and to return any recent property that had been captured from Spanish ships. Jackson agreed to do so. [41] The legislature appointed a committee to study the matter but, as most of their constituents benefitted by the smuggling, they never authorized the militia. One of the pirate's captains had attacked an American merchant ship. Victor had disobeyed his parents and had gotten himself into a predicament from which Lafitte rescued him. Jean Lafitte–also spelled Laffite–was a man of many contradictions. [98] In 1843, Mirabeau B. Lamar investigated many of the Lafitte stories and concluded that, while there were no authentic records of death, Lafitte was likely dead. After Lafitte's men kidnapped a Karankawa woman, warriors of her tribe attacked and killed five men of the colony. Several of Lafitte's men were arrested and convicted of piracy. [79], In 1818, the colony suffered hardships. In 1815, following their victory in the Battle of New Orleans, President James Madison issued a full pardon for Jean and Pierre Lafitte and their Baratarian pirates in a public proclamation. The offer was accepted; and Lafitte and his men, stationed at the guns near the levee, on the 8th of January, 1815, did such service as to call forth a general pardon from the president of the United States. Lafitte's biographer Jack C. Ramsay says, "this was a convenient time to be a native of France, a claim that provided protection from the enforcement of American law". [71] Texas itself had little population at this time, and the base had no significant populations nearby, so it (at least initially) was relatively free of scrutiny from any of the governments in the region. In 1821, the schooner USS Enterprise was sent to Galveston to remove Lafitte from the Gulf. The ship would sail to the mouth of Bayou Lafourche, load the contraband goods, and sail "legally" back to New Orleans, with goods listed on a certified manifest. [27], Governor William C.C. [101] Lafitte is rumored to have buried treasure at many locations, including Galveston and sites along coastal Louisiana, such as Contraband Bayou in Lake Charles. Claiborne took a leave of absence in September 1810, leaving Thomas B. Robertson as acting governor. They were held in port under custody of the United States marshal. [40], Claiborne appealed to the new state legislature, citing the lost revenues due to the smuggling. Annual income reached more than $2 million ($33.4 million in today's terms) in stolen currency and goods. About the Pirate Jean Lafitte, who after seen the first American governor of Louisiana William C. Claiborne advertising a $500 dollars reward for his capture, Lafitte … [89] In late April 1822, Lafitte was captured again after taking his first American ship. [24] They outfitted it with 12 fourteen-pounder cannons. [34] Biographer Jack Ramsay speculates that the voyage was intended to "establish ... [Lafitte] as a privateering captain". They took 80 people captive, but Lafitte escaped safely. "[55], When Andrew Jackson arrived in New Orleans on December 1, 1814, he discovered the city had not created any defenses. Lafitte named his colony Campeche, after a Mexican outpost further south along the Gulf Coast. The crew would create a manifest that listed not the provisions that had been purchased, but smuggled items stored at Barataria. Jackson was initially hesitant to work with pirates, and many of Lafitte's men–who you'll remember were mostly disgruntled former Navy seaman laid off due to embargoes–were not exactly enthused to be working for the government. If once he escaped the sheriff, today he still eludes the historical authorities. From top to bottom: Jean Lafitte “The Corsair” by E.H. Suydam, Detail of an authentic Jean Lafitte signature Laffite the pirate, curious fellow, has been evading the establishment. [5] No samples of his writing survive, except his signature; his surviving letters were always written by a secretary. Acadiana Historical describes this festival, formerly known as Contraband Days, as a 12-day event held at the Lake Charles Civic Center in May that recreates the life and legends of Jean Lafitte with costumed characters capturing the mayor and making him walk the plank or firing off cannons to ward off enemy ships. He was so wealthy that he built [62], Patterson praised the Barataria men who served on one of the US Navy ships, and whose skill with artillery was greater than their British counterparts. Lafitte arrived in Galveston just as the revolutionary leaders were leaving the island. [17], Based in New Orleans, Pierre Lafitte served as a silent partner, looking after their interests in the city. Ultimately, this one didn't happen. His men tore down the existing houses and built 200 new, sturdier structures. On January 21, Jackson issued a statement praising his troops, especially the cannoneers and "Captains Dominique and Beluche, lately commanding privateers of Barataria, with part of their former crews and many brave citizens of New Orleans, were stationed at Nos. During his life he acted as a soldier, sailor, diplomat, merchant, and much more demonstrating natural gifts for leadership.[14]. As they talked, Victor encouraged Lafitte and his fellow pirates in Barataria Bay to help Louisiana defend herself. The town of Jean Lafitte is only 30 minutes from New Orleans, yet it offers a completely different scene. The Lafittes subsequently became spies for the Spanish during the Mexican War of Independence. Johnny Law didn't always turn a blind eye, however. The Baratarians invited the British officers to row to their island. Each is unique in its focus, and they all reflect a place where traditions can be generations old but the ground under your feet can change with the weather. A number of details about Jean Lafitte's early life remain obscure – often they contradict each other. The Untold Truth Of Jean Lafitte, The Pirate Of New Orleans, Ambroise Louis Garneray/Wikimedia Commons, Philip James de Lutherbourg/Wikimedia Commons, As the Texas State Historical Association explains, as the Texas State Historical Association points out. When Aury returned, so many of his men had defected to Lafitte's side that Aury had no recourse but to flee Galveston, leaving Lafitte as the undisputed commander of the island. In January 1808, the government began to enforce the Embargo Act of 1807, which barred American ships from docking at any foreign port and imposed an embargo on goods imported into the US. That night his remaining men reboarded the General Victoria and destroyed its masts and spars, crippling the ship, but they left the crew unharmed. Louisiana Governor William C. C. Claiborne, put a reward out for the pirate Jean Lafitte, a $500 bounty. The site of what are believed to be the ruins of the Maison Rouge is, of course, haunted and allegedly replete with lost treasure. Legends of America also lists the possibility Lafitte died in France or while battling an American warship off the coast of Cuba. [18] Seamen flocked to the island, working on the docks or at the warehouses until they were chosen as crew for one of the privateers. After telling the British he would definitely cooperate with them, Lafitte made his way to the governor of Louisiana, William C. C. Claiborne, who you may remember as the guy Lafitte supposedly put up novelty wanted posters of as an all-time legendary goof. [36], Lafitte's continued flouting of the laws angered Governor Claiborne, who, on March 15, issued a proclamation against the Baratarian "banditti ... who act in contravention of the laws of the United States ... to the evident prejudice of the revenue of the federal government". "[97] No American newspaper published an obituary of him. Chalmette Battlefield is now a part of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park, and it will celebrate the 200th anniversary of that glorious victory day on Jan. 8, 1815. Smugglers would purchase the slaves for a discounted price, march them to Louisiana, and turn them in to customs officials. The building was surrounded by a moat and painted red; it became known as Maison Rouge. Was it really possible to have a tunnel from the house to a sandbar, allowing for the discreet disembarking of “black ivory,” as the legend forcefully tells? AndrewJackson, Jean Lafitte, Colonel Hinds, Naval ships USS Carolina, USS Louisiana, USS Enterplrise, and all the important characters of the city of New Orleans. [3] He and his brother Pierre alternately claimed to have been born in Bayonne, while other documents of the time place his birthplace as St. Malo or Brest. [119] Many researchers noticed a similarity between John Laflin's handwriting and the writing in the journal. Little is known about Lafitte’s early life, though he did have at least two brothers Pierre and Alexander (known as Dominique) who aided in his smuggling operation. 141169928, citing Saint Louis Cemetery Number 2, New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana, USA ; Maintained by Plantagenet Princess (contributor 49922906) . [98], Davis writes that Lafitte's death prevented his becoming obsolete; by 1825 piracy had been essentially eradicated in the Gulf of Mexico, and "the new world of the Gulf simply had no room for [his] kind". He put out his own bounty for Claiborne and made it much larger, $5000. The United States government passed the Embargo Act of 1807, so the Lafittes moved their operations to an island in Barataria Bay, Louisiana. ), Nicolas, p. 277. states that he held a local (acting) rank of Captain of Royal Marines, Ruby Lorraine Radford, “Victor and the Pirate: A Story of New Orleans During the War of 1812,” Childcraft (Vol. 3 and 4. As part of Mexico, it was outside the authority of the United States, and was largely uninhabited, except by Native American Karankawa. By 1810, the island had become a booming port. Widely publicized, the raid was hailed by the Niles' Weekly Register as "a major conquest for the United States". [73] Aury returned to Galveston several months later, but he left in July when he realized that the men were unwilling to revolt. ), privateer and smuggler who interrupted his illicit adventures to fight heroically for the United States in defense of New Orleans in the War of 1812. Lafitte and several of his men rowed to meet them halfway. The remnants of the family are now scattered across St. Bernard parish associated with the last name Hotard, and through marriage making Jean Lafitte related to Carlos Marcello . A plan allegedly suggested by President James Monroe was that Lafitte should fake attacks against Texas settlement from the coast to the Rio Grande and then give up the captured land to the US government. and the Baratarians. She had his only known son, Jean Pierre Lafitte (d. 1832). In the Journal de Jean Lafitte, the authenticity of which is contested, he claims to have been born in Bordeaux, France, in 1780 from Sephardic Jewish parents whose Conversos grandmother and mother fled Spain for France in 1765, after his maternal grandfather was put to death by the Inquisition for "Judaizing". Lafitte continued attacking merchant ships as a pirate around Central American ports until he died in 1823. The United States made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In many ways, Jean Lafitte, the pirate king of Barataria Bay, was the Robin Hood of the bayou. Charles Gayarre wrote the first serious biography of Lafitte, The young Lafitte is a minor character in. Pierre Lafitte had one other child, also named Pierre, from his first marriage to Marie LaGrange, who died in childbirth. Over the next few months, the British Navy increased patrols in the Gulf of Mexico, and by August they had established a base at Pensacola. [98] By this time, Lafitte's only known son, Jean Pierre Lafitte, had died in October 1832 during a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans. This has become the common spelling in the United States, including places named after him. By Edward Branley @NOLAHistoryGuy October 26, 2011 He’s one of the most romantic figures in the history of New Orleans. If you were thoroughly acquainted with the nature of my offenses, I should appear to you much less guilty, and still worthy to discharge the duties of a good citizen. Lafitte, who was not an idiot, also had no intention of honoring this agreement. [31] As the smuggling operations reduced the amount of revenue collected by customs offices, American authorities were determined to halt Barataria's operations. Only six houses survived as habitable.[80]. [118] The paper and ink were analyzed and confirmed to be of mid-19th-century origin. With high demand for illegal goods, soon the Barataria pirate colony was booming, with Jean leading the naval operations and Pierre fencing the plundered goods. [33] Three days later, 40 soldiers were sent to ambush the Baratarians; they captured Lafitte, his brother Pierre, and 25 unarmed smugglers on November 16, and confiscated several thousand dollars of contraband. [35] Lafitte soon acquired a letter of marque from Cartagena, but never sent any booty there. Jean Lafitte lived a life of luxury in his colony of Campeche on Galveston Island. Jean Lafitte, LA Directions {{::location.tagLine.value.text}} Sponsored Topics. [4], Some sources speculate that Lafitte was born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). Lafitte took the words to heart, participated in the Battle of New Orleans on the side of the United States, and credited Victor as the inspiration for his actions. NOLA History: Jean Lafitte the Pirate Jean Lafitte is one of the most famous people in New Orleans history, known as a pirate, a war hero and the namesake of many New Orleans landmarks. By midmorning, 10 armed pirate ships formed a battle line in the bay. According to The Islander Magazine, Lafitte's home on Galveston, the Maison Rouge, was the first home of any real substance on the island, having 12 gables, 10-foot arches, a cannon tower, and housing for horses and carriages. Jean Lafitte (1780-1823) was a legendary French privateer and pirate who resided in the Gulf of Mexico throughout the early 19th century and was widely believed to have been born in either the French colony of Saint-Domingue or in Basque-France. [119], In 1980, the manuscript was donated to the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center in Texas, where, for the first time, it was made available for research. [120] Most historians now believe the Lafitte journal to be a forgery. [94], Lafitte continued to patrol the shipping lanes around Cuba. [2] Some sources say that his father was French while his mother's family had come from Spain. [36] The proclamation was printed in the nationally read Niles' Weekly Register. You can visit those same swamps by taking a guided airboat or swamp tour, or by taking a hike in the vast Jean Lafitte National … 1823) was a French pirate and privateer in the Gulf of Mexico in the early 19th century. On February 13, he escaped, likely with outside help. Numerous novels have been inspired by his exploits. [7] His elder brother Pierre became a privateer; he may have operated from Saint-Domingue, which frequently issued letters of marque. It is claimed with perhaps a little more verisimilitude that the building was also owned by one of Lafitte's Baratarians. Later, in return for a legal pardon, Lafitte and his fleet helped General Andrew Jackson defend New Orleans during the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, as British forces sought access to the Mississippi River. [32] Because the US Navy did not have enough ships to act against the Baratarian smugglers, the government turned to the courts. These men were pardoned after testifying that they had deserted from Lafitte's ship in Galveston when they discovered it did not have a valid privateering commission. In fact, Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop Bar has a pretty good claim to being the oldest structure in the United States operating as a bar. The second floor is said to play host to the ghost of a mystery woman who will whisper your name into your ear. The character of the Lafitte revealed in the journal is not the suave pirate of popular imagination, but a moralistic paranoiac who hates the English but loves the Declaration of Independence, and whose professed sympathy for the plight of the downtrodden stands in stark contrast to the historical Lafitte's lifelong involvement in the slave trade. Mr. Groom also goes into personalities of the British army (Generals Keane& Pakenham) and Navy (Admiral Cockburn). Another account suggests Lafitte was killed in battle aboard a Colombian ship in 1823 while fighting against the Spanish and subsequently buried at sea. Historians have tried with varying measures of success to separate the true man from the mythos, but here are some things we know–or think we know–about Jean Lafitte, the pirate of New Orleans. [72] Ships operating from Galveston flew the flag of Mexico, but they did not participate in the revolution. From Aubrey, Jean learned the ropes of being a merchant as well as every detail of the waterways of New Orleans. The smugglers often held letters of marque from multiple countries, authorizing them to capture booty from differing nations. The Americans took custody of six schooners, one felucca, and a brig, as well as 20 cannon and goods worth $500,000. Nevertheless, nothing can last forever, and by 1819 the end of Lafitte's reign as pirate king was fast approaching. As a building of such age and historical interest, Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop is, of course, haunted, with the ghost of Jean Lafitte himself reputed to appear as a full-body apparition, standing in dark corners and staring at patrons. By 1805, he was operating a warehouse in New Orleans to help disperse the goods smuggled by his brother Pierre Lafitte. Lafitte wanted to avoid a Spanish invasion. The most notorious New Orleans smuggler and gentleman pirate was Jean Lafitte. While a number of his men were executed, Lafitte himself was never even arrested. Within two days of Lafitte's notes, Pierre "escaped" from jail. When you consider the fact Jean Lafitte is one of the most famous pirates in American history, it's pretty wild that we know almost nothing about him. Get directions, maps, and traffic for Jean Lafitte, LA. Jean did the water parts, leading a fleet of pirate ships to pillage and plunder merchant ships, while Pierre served as the face of the operation, selling the stolen goods out of the blacksmith shop. The couple had six children, including at least three daughters. [53] Likely inspired by Lafitte's offer to help defend Louisiana, Governor Claiborne wrote the US Attorney General, Richard Rush requesting a pardon for the Baratarians, saying that for generations, smugglers were "esteemed honest ... [and] sympathy for these offenders is certainly more or less felt by many of the Louisianans". By John R. Spears, 1903. A representative of the smuggler would purchase the slaves at the ensuing auction, and the smuggler would be given half of the purchase price.
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